CLIMATE CHANGE AND ADAPTATION MEASURES
AE …
Lecture : 3 Year : IV
Tutorial : 1 Part : II
Practical : 0
Course
Objective:
·
To familiarize students with global warming, climate change and
causes of climate change, and its impact on agriculture.
·
To acquaint and equip the students with adaptation and mitigation
options in the context of climate change and global warming activities.
1.
Climate and climate
change science overview [2 hours]
2.
Climate and weather,
their parameters and global warming [3 hours]
Definition, present scenario of global warming in global and
Nepalese context, causes of global warming
3.
Climate system [2 hours]
Earth’s energy balance, green house effect, hydrological cycle,
carbon cycle, nitrogen cycle, atmosphere-layer of atmosphere, atmospheric
composition, green house gases, aerosols, atmospheric circulation, air
pollution, local and regional air pollution effects on ocean and glaciers
4.
Causes of climate
changes: [4 hours]
4.1. Natural causes - changes in composition of earth’s atmosphere, changes in
topography, land-sea geography, changes in solar luminosity, changes in earth’s
orbit, volcanic activity and internal variability
4.2. Human causes - chemically and radioactively important gases (carbondiooxide,
methane, nitrous oxide, Montréal protocol gases, ozone, and stratospheric water
vapor) green house gas emissions, changes in aerosol concentrations, land - use
change, deforestation
5.
Climate change
implications [8
hours]
5.1.
Changes in surface
temperature - long temperature records, changes in large- scale precipitation,
changes in evapotranspiration, changes in soil moisture, drought, runoff and
river discharge, changes in the troposphere and stratosphere, changes in water
vapor, changes in clouds, changes in radiation, changes in atmospheric
circulation, pattern of atmospheric circulation variability, changes in extreme
events, changes in alpine glaciers.
5.2.
Changes in snow, ice and
frozen land - changes in seasonal snow cover changes in river and lake ice
changes in sea ice, changes in glaciers, ice caps ice sheets and ice shelves,
changes in frozen ground, changes in the length of the north American growing
season, changes in the distribution of plants and animals trends in
precipitation storminess, and La nino.
5.3.
Oceanic climate change
and sea level - changes in global scale temperature and salinity, regional,
changes in ocean circulation and water masses, ocean biogeochemical changes in
sea level.
6.
Global climate
projections [4 hours]
6.1. Overview projected
changes in emissions concentration and radioactive forcing projected changes in
the physical climate system changes associated with biogeochemical feedbacks
and ocean acidification.
6.2. Quantifying the range of
climate change projections, sea level change in the line 21st century,
regional climate projection of Asia climate projection of Nepal
7.
Climate change
mitigation: [4 hours]
7.1.
Energy sector, Transport and infrastructure sector, industrial
sector, Agriculture sector (Status of agricultural emissions, mitigating
technologies and strategies, global and regional estimates of agricultural
greenhouse gas mitigating potential, bioenergy feedstocks, Renewable sources of
energy, implications of mitigation for sustainable development)
7.2.
Forestry sector; Waste management; cross-sectoral perspectives.
8.
Impact and adaptation to
climate change: [12hours]
8.1. Historical climate trend of Nepal
Historical extreme
events of Nepal, Evidences of climate change on agriculture in Nepal, impact of
climate change in major crops, impact of climate change on water resource,
socio economic impact in climate change
8.2.
Adaptation practices,
options, constrains and capacity
Elements of adaptive
capacity; vulnerability and adaptive capacity; Limits and barriers to
adaptation inter-relationships between adaptive and mitigation.
8.3.
Key vulnerabilities and
risks from climate change
Global social systems;
Regional vulnerabilities; Ecosystems and biodiversity; geophysical systems;
Extreme events.
8.4.
Climate change and
sustainability
Impacts and adaptation
in the context of multiple stresses; Global and aggregate impacts; Regional,
Sub-regional, local and sectoral development.
8.5.
Adaptation measures in
agricultural sector
Genotypes address
climate change, agronomic practices for climate change adaptation, conservation
agriculture, technologies for efficient utilization of irrigation water in
irrigated agriculture, technologies for conservation and utilization of land
and soil moisture in rain fed agriculture, community based adaptation,
preparedness in agriculture for climate change-crop modeling.
9.
Global and national
initiatives in climate change: [6 hours]
9.1.
Intergovernmental panel on climate change(IPCC)
9.2.
Kyoto Protocol
9.3.
United Nations Framework Convention on climate change
9.4.
United Nations Human Development Programme UNDP Human Development
Report 2007/2008 fighting climate change: Human solidarity in a dividend world.
9.5.
Clean Development Mechanism(CDM)
9.6.
National Adaptation Programme of Action(NAPA)
9.7.
National projects related to climate change.
References:
1.
Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). http://www.cdm.unfcc.int
2.
Intergovernmental panel on climate change
(IPCC).http://www.ipcc.ch
3.
ISO 14064-1:2006. Specification with guidance at the organization
level for quantification and reporting of greenhouse gas emission reductions or
removal enhancements.http://www.iso.org
4.
ISO 14064-2:2006. Specification with guidance at the organization
level for quantification, monitoring and reporting greenhouse gas emission reductions or removal
enhancements.http://www.iso.org
5.
ISO 14065:2007. Requirements for greenhouse gas validation and
verification bodies for use in accreditation or other forms of recognition. http://www.iso.org
6.
PAS 2050. Assessing the life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of
goods and services.http://bsigroup.com
7.
VCS (Voluntary Carbon Standard) Guidance for Agriculture, Forestry
and other Land Use Projects. http://www.v-c-s.org
8.
Voluntary Carbon Standard Proposed Methodology Adoption for
sustainable agricultural land management (SALM).http://www.v-c-s.org
9.
Climate change adaptation in developing countries: issues and
perspectives for economic analysis Practical Action, Promoting adaptation to
climate change in Nepal
10.
IPCC (Intergovernmental panel on climate change) 1996.
Technologies, policies and measures for mitigating.
11. Climate change. IPCC
technical paper no.1.Geneva http://ipcc.ch/pub/IPCCTP.I(E).pdf.
12.
IPCC (Intergovernmental panel on climate change) 2001. Summary for
policymakers and Technical Summary of the Working group III report: Climate
Change2001: mitigation. Part of the contribution of Working Group III to the
Third Assessment Report. Geneva.
13.
Sathaye, J & Meyers, S 1995. Greenhouse gas mitigation assessment:
a guidebook. Dordretcht, kluwer.
14.
UNEP 1998. Mitigation and adaptation cost assessment: Concepts,
methods and appropriate use. Roskilde.
15.
Denmark, United Nations Environment Programme collaborating centre
on energy and Environment, RISO National Laboratory.
16. UNFCCC (United Nations
Framework Convection on Climate Change) 2001. Climate Change Information Kit.
Paris.http://unfcc.int/resource/convkp.html.
17.
World Bank 1998. Greenhouse gas assessment handbook: a practical
guidance document for the assessment of project-level greenhouse gas emissions.
Washington, D.C., World Bank Global Environment Division. September.
18.
Gyanendra Karki, a discussion paper on NAPA Way Forward: Climate
Change Adaptation project Prioritization in Nepal.
19.
Clean Energy Nepal, Climate Change Fact Sheet Issue No.7, 8, 2008.
20.
Dr. Juergen Kropp, Michael Scholoze, Climate Change Information
for Effective Adaptation 2009, www.gtz.de/climate.
21.
Climate Change Network Nepal, 2010, Climate change Training manual
An Easy guide for Teachers.
22.
Maggie L. Walser (Lead Author); Stephen C. Nodvin (Topic Editor)
“Climate change outline of topics”. In: Encyclopedia of Earths. Eds Cutler J.
Cleveland (Washington D.C): [first published in the Encyclopedia of Earth January
24, 2010; last revised date January 24, 2010;Retrieved September 18, 2011] < http://www.eoearth.org/article/Climate_change_outline_of_topics>
23.
ADB and ICIMOD, 2006. Environmental Assessment of Nepal-Emerging
Issues and Challenges; Asian Development bank and the International Centre for
mountain development, Kathmandu
24.
Nepal bureau of standards and metrology (NBSM) 1999.nepal Country
Program for Phase out of ozone Depleting substance. Kathmandu, His Majesty
Government of Nepal, NBSM/UNDP
25.
Lyangara san, M.L Tinachi and S Shrestha, 1002. The natural
resources Hazards, Desertification and implication of Climate Change. http://www.mtnforum.org/resources/library/iyingx02p.htm
26.
Sustainable Development Agenda For Nepal (SDAN) 2002. http://www.scdp.org.np/sdan/
27.
OECD: Development and Climate Change in Nepal: Focus on Water
resources and hydropower http://nepaldisaster.org/download/development.pdf
Evaluation Scheme:
The
questions will cover all the chapters in the Syllabus. The evaluation scheme
will be as indicated in the table below.
|
Chapter
|
Hours
|
Marks Distribution*
|
|
1
|
2
|
8
|
|
2
|
3
|
|
|
3
|
2
|
16
|
|
4
|
4
|
|
|
5
|
8
|
16
|
|
6
|
4
|
16
|
|
7
|
4
|
|
|
8
|
12
|
16
|
|
9
|
6
|
8
|
|
Total
|
45
|
80
|
*
Minor deviation on mark distribution can be made.
Source:-Department Of Agricultural Engineering
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