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SOLAR PHOTO-VOLTAIC SYSTEM AND APPLICATION  
AE …

Lecture     :   3                                                                                              Year   :   IV
Tutorial    :   1                                                                                              Part    :   II    
Practical   :   1.5                                                                                                         
Course Objective:
The primary objective of this course is to introduce solar photo-voltaic system and their conversion technology used to fulfil the requirement of energy in Agricultural Engineering activities in rural areas. Secondly this course emphasizes in design and development of such simple and effective technologies that converts solar energy into usable form and supply it to operate tools, equipments and machineries used in agricultural works.
1.       Fundamentals of Solar Photo-Voltaic System                                   [10 hours]
1.1.     Principle of Photo-Voltaic Energy Conversion:           
1.1.1.      Review of Electrical Power System
1.1.2.      Principle of photo-Voltaic effect
1.1.3.      Types of Solar cells
1.1.4.      Spectral response of Solar cell materials
1.1.5.      Electrical parameters of Solar cells
1.1.6.      Effect of environment on performance of Solar cells
1.2.   Solar Modules and Arrays:                                                                              
1.2.1.      Solar cells modules
1.2.2.      IV Curve for a module
1.2.3.      Blocking Diode and bypass Diode
1.2.4.      Solar arrays- role of installation Diode
2.       Components of Solar Photo-Voltaic System                                      [10 hours]
2.1.     Batteries
2.1.1.      Types of batteries
2.1.2.      Battery terminology and performance characteristics
2.1.3.      Chemistry of lead acid battery
2.1.4.      Battery Test and Maintenance
2.2.     Charge Regulators
2.2.1.       Principle of operation
2.2.2.       Parameters of charge regulator
2.2.3.       Methods of battery charging through charge regulator
2.3.     DC-AC Inverters
2.3.1.      Basic principles of an inverter
2.3.2.      Parameters of an inverter
2.3.3.      Types of inverter
2.4.     DC- DC Converter
2.4.1.      Principle of DC-DC converter
2.4.2.      Parameters of DC-DC converters
2.5.     Lamps and Non-luminous Loads to Solar PV System
2.5.1.      Basic lamp types of Solar PV System
2.5.2.      Other loads to Solar PV system
3.       Design of lighting with Solar PV system                                              [10 hours]
3.1.     Load Calculation
3.1.1.      Load characteristics-AC or DC, Apparent or Real,
3.1.2.      Critical and Non-critical
3.1.3.      Annual loading profile
3.1.4.      Maximum load and current
3.1.5.      Nominal system and array voltage
3.2.  Module and Array Sizing
3.3.  Battery Sizing
3.4.  Sizing of Charge Regulator
3.5.  Cable Sizing
3.6.  Inverter Sizing
3.7.  DC-AC Converter Sizing
3.8.  Sizing of luminous and non-luminous loads
4.       Design of Solar PV Water Pumping System                                       [10 hours]                                   
4.1.      Solar PV water pumping system configurations
4.1.1.      Appraisal of Solar PV water pumping for drinking
4.1.2.      water supply and Irrigation
4.1.3.      System components
4.1.4.      Selection of pumps
4.1.5.      Selections of motors
4.1.6.      Configuration of Solar arrays and panels
4.1.7.      Maximum power point tracking circuitry
4.2.      Array wiring and mounting of water pumps
4.2.1.      Array wiring
4.2.2.      Array Mounting
4.2.3.      Considerations for tracking support structures
4.3.      Water pumping system design
4.3.1.      Array sizing
4.3.2.      Selection of pump form manufacturer’s data
4.3.3.      Installation diagram
4.3.4.      General algorithm for system design
5.       Solar PV Technology in Nepal                                                                  [5 hours]
5.1.     Scope and potential of Solar PV system in Nepal
5.2.     Agencies involved in development and promotion of Solar PV system
5.3.     Policies and program for promotion of Solar PV system
5.4.     Nepal PV quality assurance- conditions of NIPQA- 2000(2002)


Practical:
1.       Measurement of electrical parameters of Solar Cells
2.       Evaluation of effects of environmental parameters of output of Solar Module
·         Effect of Solar radiation intensity
·         Effect of temperature
·         Effect on shade
3.       Studies on PV Solar lighting system
4.       Evaluation of performance of solar lighting system
5.       Study on Solar PV water pumping system
6.       Evaluation of performance of Solar PV water pumping system




References:
1.       S. P. Sukahtme. Solar Energy: Principle of Thermal Collection and Storage. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., New Delhi (latest edition)
2.       H. P. Garg and J. Prakash. Solar Energy Fundamentals and Applications. Tata McGraw Hill Publishing Co., New Delhi (latest edition)
3.       John A. Duffie and W. A. Beckman. Solar Engineering of Thermal Process. John Wiley & Sons. (latest edition)
4.       W. J. Kennedy Jr. and Wayne C. Turner. Energy Management. Prentice Hall Inc.
5.       Journals of American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers on Solar Energy Application (ASABE)
6.       FAO Journals on Solar Energy Conversion Technologies.
7.       Vervaart, M.R. and Nieuwenhout F.D.J., 2001. Manual for design and modification of solar home system components. IBRD/ The World Bank.
8.       Solar Water Pumping. ITDG Publications.
9.       Wave sites: www.pvpower.com and www.pvresources.com



Evaluation Scheme:
The questions will cover all the chapters in the Syllabus. The evaluation scheme will be as indicated in the table below.
Chapter
Hours
Marks Distribution*
1
10
10
2
10
20
3
10
20
4
10
20
5
5
10
Total
45
80
* Minor deviation on mark distribution can be made.
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0

TESTING & EVALUATION OF AGRICULTURAL MACHINERY & TRACTOR 
AE …
Lecture     :   3                                                                                              Year   :   IV
Tutorial    :   1                                                                                              Part    :   II    
Practical   :   1.5                                                                                                                 
Course Objective:
·         To familiarize students with testing and evaluation of agricultural machinery and tractor.
·         To acquaint and equip the students with tractor testing and tractor testing equipment with their constraints and evaluation techniques with procedure.
1.       Objectives and  Importance of Testing and Evaluation                     [2 hours]
1.1.  Concept of testing and evaluation
1.2.  Testing and evaluation procedures
1.3.  Terminology used testing and evaluation of agricultural machine and tractors
2.       Instruments used in Testing and Evaluation                                        [3 hours]
Instruments for the measurement of:
2.1.     Draft
2.2.     Wheel slip
2.3.     Shrinkage
2.4.     Soil resistance
2.5.     Sound
2.6.     Vibration
3.       Test Codes for Agricultural Machines and Tractors                            [6 hours]
3.1.  Purpose of test codes
3.2.  Types of test codes for agricultural machine
3.2.1.  RNAM Test Codes
3.2.2.  BIS Test Codes
3.2.3.  Nebraska Test Codes
3.3.  Differences in the test codes for agricultural machine
4.       Testing and Evaluation Procedures                                                        [8 hours]
4.1.  Preparation for tests
4.2.  Specification of implements
4.3.  Test conditions
4.4.  Laboratory tests
4.5.  Performance test
4.6.  Field test
4.7.  Evaluation criteria
4.8.  Test report format
5.            Test Codes and Testing Procedures for Primary Tillage Implements [2 hours]
5.1.  Test codes for Ploughs  
5.2.  Test procedures for Ploughs (M.B., Chisel, Disk)
6.       Test Codes and Testing Procedures for Secondary Tillage       Implements  [4 hours]
6.1.  Test code procedure for rotary tiller
6.2.  Test code procedure for disc harrows
7.          Test codes and testing Procedures for seeding and planting    implement                [5 hours]
7.1.  Test code and procedure for seeding equipment with or without fertilizer attachment
7.2.  Test code and procedure for rice transplanter
7.3.  Test code and procedure for row- crop cultivators
8.       Test Codes and Testing Procedures for Plant Protection Equipments    [4 hours]
8.1.  Test code and procedures for liquid (herbicide, fungicide, insecticides) applicators
8.2.  Test code and procedure for duster application
9.       Test Codes and Testing Procedures for Harvesting Implements     [2 hours]
9.1.  Test code for reaper
9.2.  Test procedure for reaper
10.    Test Codes and Testing Procedure for Threshers                                [2 hours]
11.    Tractor Performance Criteria:                                                                  [7 hours]
11.1.     Power Measurement Methods:
11.1.1.      Absorption Dynamometer
11.1.2.      Transmission Dynamometer
11.1.3.      Hydraulic Dynamometer
11.1.4.      Electric- direct current Dynamometer
11.1.5.      Spring Dynamometer
11.1.6.      Strain gauge Dynamometer
11.2.     Power Estimating            
11.3.     Engine Test Apparatus
11.3.1.      Air supply measurement
11.3.2.      Engine pressure indicators
11.3.3.      Fuel flow meter
11.3.4.      Torque sensor
11.4.     Engine performance
11.5.     Efficiency of tractor engine
11.6.     Nebraska and ISI tractor test code


Tutorials:
1.       Study and Comparison of Procedure and Test codes for farm Machines and Tractors-RNAM, BIS, Nebraska
2.       Preparation of Tractor Engine Testing Parameters



Practical:
1.       Visibility, noise and vibration test on farm tractors
2.       Determination of turning radius of general purpose farm tractor
3.       Measurement of basic dimensions of tillage tools
4.       Field and performance testing of seeding and planting machines
5.       Field and performance testing of sprayers and dusters
6.       Field and performance testing of harvesting machines
7.       Performance testing of threshers

References:
1.       Mehta M. L., Mishra S. K., Verma S.R. And Sharma V.K. Testing and Evaluation of Agricultural Machines, National Agricultural Technical Information Center- 5 copies
2.       OECD 1991. Standard code for the official testing of agricultural and forestry tractors. Organization for economic cooperation and development, Paris- 5 copies
3.       Inns R. M. 1986. Selection, Testing and Evaluation of Agricultural Machines and Equipment. FAO service bulletin no. 115- 5 copies
4.       Smith, D.W., Sims B.G. and O’Neil D. H. 1994 Testing and evaluation of agricultural machinery and equipment: principle and practices. FAO, Rome
5.       Test codes for Bureau of Indian standards, New Delhi for agricultural implements, IC engines and tractors
6.       RNAM test codes and procedures for farm machinery. Regional network for agricultural machinery Bangkok/ Philippines.


Evaluation Scheme:
The questions will cover all the chapters in the Syllabus. The evaluation scheme will be as indicated in the table below.
Chapter
Hours
Marks Distribution*
1
2
8
2
3
3
6
8
4
8
16
5
2
8
6
4
7
5
8
8
4
8
9
2
8
10
2
11
7
16
Total
45
80

* Minor deviation on mark distribution can be made.
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