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What is Bioengineering?

Bioengineering is use of living plants either alone or in configuration with small scale civil engineering structures/ non-living plant materials for the purpose of reducing shallow seated instability & controlling erosion in slopes.

picture from: https://chandrashekharasandprints.wordpress.com

Engineering functions of Bioengineering

Engineering functions of Bioengineering to be performed are:
a) Anchor
b) Catch
c) Armour
d) Drain
e) Reinforce
f) Support

Steps for Bioengineering

To implement slope stabilization works including both civil & bio-engineering, following steps are implemented:
I. Make initial plan
2. Prioritize the works:
3. Divide the side or slope into segments
4. Assess the side
5. Determine civil engineering works
6. Choose the right bio-engineering techniques
7 Design the civil & bio-engineering works
8. Select the species to use
9. Calculate the required quantities and rates
10. Finalise priority against available budget
11. Plan plant needs
12. Arrange implementation & prepare documents
13. Prepare the plant propagation
14. Make the necessary side arrangement
15. Prepare the side
16. Implement the civil engineering work
17. Implement the bio-engineering work
18. Monitor the works
19. Maintan the works (Routine & preventive maintenance)

Learn more through following article 

Role of Bio-engineering in Nepal

हाम्रो देशको कमलो भौगोलिक बनावट, भिराला पहाडहरु, अत्याधिक वर्षा आदिको कारणले प्राकृतिक भू क्षय भैरहन्छ भने बढ्दो जनसंख्याको चाप, खेतीयोग्य जमिनको सिमितता, खेतीपाती गर्ने पुरानो चलन, प्राकृतिक स्रोतहरुको जथाभावी प्रयोग एवं अज्ञानताको कारणले कृत्रिम भु-क्षय भैरहेको कुरा हामी सबैमा अवगतै छ । जसबाट ठूलो धनजनको क्षति हुने गरेको छ । यो समस्याबाट देशले मुक्ति पाउनको लागि विभिन्न ठाउँमा विभिन्न किसिमका सिभिल संरचनाहरुको निर्माण गर्दै गरेको भएतापनि ती समस्याहरूबाट मुक्ति पाउन सफल भएको देखिदैन । तसर्थ उपयुक्त किसिमको कम खर्चिलो एव दिगो प्रविधिको प्रयोगबाट भू-संरक्षण गर्नु आजको आवश्यकता बनेको छ र त्यो प्रविधि बायो इंन्जिनियरिङ मात्र हुन सक्छ।

# वायो ईन्जिनियरिङ के हो ?
साधारण अर्थमा भन्ने हो भने वायो ईन्जिनिरिङको एउटा शाखा हो। जसमा जिवित बोटबिरुवा (वनस्पति) को एकल प्रयोग वा जिवित वनस्पति र सिभिल ईन्जिनियरिङ संरचनाहरुको दुवैको संयुक्त प्रयोग गरेर भूक्षय रोकथाम गर्ने एउटा प्रविधि हो । यो प्रविधि तुलनात्मकरुपमा सस्तो, स्थानिय स्रोत साधन, सीप र जनसहभागितामा आधारित भएकोले बढी दिगो र प्रभावकारी र जो कोहीले पनि सजिलैसँग कार्यान्वयन तथा अनुशरण गर्न सक्छ ।

# परिभाषा
विशुद्ध इन्जिनियरिङ संरचनाहरु मात्र भू-क्षय रोकथामको दिगो उपाय होईन। एकातिर ईन्जिनियरिङ स्ट्रचर धेरै महंगा हुन्छन् भने अर्को तिर यसको लागि धेरै दक्ष प्रविधि (skill Technique) को आवश्यकता पर्दछ । जुन क्रमशः ग्रामीण स्तरमा निर्माण गर्न पनि सम्भव हुँदैन भने उपभोक्ताहरुबाट व्यहोर्न पनि असंभव हुन्छ । निर्माण कार्य समाप्तीको लगत्तै इन्जिनियरिङ सरचनाहरुको शक्ति उच्चतम हुन्छ भने समयको अन्तरालसँग घट्दै गई शूज्य हुन पुग्छ तर वनस्पति संरचना (Bio Engineering Structure) मा शुरुमा शक्ति शुन्य भई समय अन्तरालमा उच्चतम हुन पुग्छ सिभिल इन्जिनियरिङ स्ट्रक्चर र वनस्पति संरचनाको संयुक्तरुपमा प्रयोग गर्दा इन्जिनियरिङ संरचनाको कार्य विस्तारै वनस्पतिमा सर्छ र बनस्पतिले इन्जिनियरिङ संरचनाको कार्य गर्दछ ।

Engineering Function Vegetation

# वनस्पति ईन्जिनियरिङका कार्यहरु (Engineering Function Vegetation)
१. समात्नु (Catch): बोट बिरुवाले वर्षाको पानीलाई ठाडै तलतिर बग्नबाट रोक्दछ साथै भू-क्षय प्रक्रियामा झर्ने ढुंगा, माटो तथा लेदोलाई आफ्नो फेद नजिकै थुपार्दछन् ।
२ कवच (Armour) :- वनस्पति तथा घाँसपातहरुले माटो बग्ने कार्यलाई रोक्न जमिनलाई सुरक्षा कवच (Protective Cover) प्रदान गर्दछ ।
३. जेलिनु (Dense Roots) माटो भित्र जेलिएर रहेको वनस्पतिका जराहरुले (Dense Roots) माटो र ढुंगालाई समातेर राख्ने शक्ति प्रदान गर्दछ ।
४. अड्काउनु (Anchor) :- रुखका मुल जरा जमिन भित्रसम्म गएर रुखलाई बलियो गरी उभ्याउँदछ र माथिबाट झरेका ढुंगाका स-साना टुक्राहरु एवं भिरालोलाई अड्याउन सहयोग गर्दछ ।
५. सहारा (Support) :- वनस्पतिका मूल जरा वा सहायक जराहरुले भिरालो सतहमा रहेका ढुंगा एवं माटोलाई एकिकृत गरी भूक्षय रोकथाममा सहारा प्रदान गर्दछ ।
६. निकास(Drain) :- बनस्पतिले जमिनको सतह र सतहमुनिको अनावश्यक पानीलाई आफ्नो जरा प्रणालीको सहायताले जमिन भित्र पानी निकासको कार्य गर्दछ ।

Bio Engineering Techniques

# वायो ईन्जिनियरिङ उपायहरु (Bio Engineering Techniques)
१. बीउ छर्ने (Grass, Tress & shrub Sowing) - निकै अफ्ठ्यारो, अस्थिर, भिरालो चट्टानी भाग जहाँ बिरुवा रोप्न अफ्ठ्यारो हुन्छ, त्यस ठाउँमा सिर्व बीउ छरिन्छ ।
२. बांस अम्रिसो रोप्ने (Bamboo broomgrass planting) :- अति भिरालो ठाउँमा बाँसले पञ्चलि (Toe wall) को काम गर्दछ ।
३. जिवित छेकबधि (Live Checkdam) :- सानासाहरुमा छिटो सर्ने रुख तथा बिरुवाहरुको हाँगा रोपिन्छ ।
४. पखल बाँध र तार जालीको बाँध (Loose stone & Gabion chechdam) :- गल्छीको शिरमा, बेडमा र वरिपरि छुट्टै वा नियन्त्रण बांधसंग संयुक्तरुपमा बिरुवा रोपिन्छ ।
५. बस लेयरिङ (Brush Layering) :- कम भिरालो तथा खुकुलो माटोले पुरेको जमिनमा सिमली, असुरो जस्ता छिटै सर्ने जातका रुखका हाँगाहरु तेर्सो लाइनमा सुताएर रोपिन्छ ।
६ किला र बाँसको छेकवार (Brush wood checkdam) :- गल्छीहरुमा बाँस र काठको प्रयोगबाट छेकबांध बनाइन्छ ।
७. मुढे बांध (Log dam) :- अलि बढी गहिराई र चौडाई भएको गल्छीमा यसप्रकारको बाँधको प्रयोग गरिन्छ ।

Features of Bio-engineering

  • कम खर्चिलो (Cost effective)
  • विभिन्न वनस्पतिहरु स्थानीय स्तरमा उपलब्ध हुने,
  • उच्च प्रविधि र दक्ष जनशक्ति नचाहिने,
  • ग्रामीण स्तरबाट भिरालोको अस्थिरता र भूक्षय घटाउन सकिने,
  • वनस्पतिबाट फलफूल उत्पादन भई आयआर्जनमा वृद्धि गर्न सकिने,
  • पर्यावरणीय सुधार (Envoronmental Improvement) हुने,
  • वनस्पतिमा विविधता हुने काम गर्न सजिलो हुने,
  • लामो समयसम्म टिकाउ हुने,
  • मर्मत गर्न सजिलो हुने ।

Varieties of vegetation suitable for Bio-engineering

# वायो ईन्जिनियरिङका लागि उपयुक्त बिरुवाहरु
१. घाँस प्रजाति (Grasses): अम्रिसो, बाबियो, दुबो, कांख, खर, नरकट, तिते निगालो, पुर्के, खसखस, बांस आदि ।
२. नेपियर, झाडी बुट्टयान प्रजाति (Shrubs) : अर्गेली, आंक, असुरो, बैस, झुजेत्रो, घनेरी, घुसुन, केतुकी, अलैची, ऐसेलु, निलकाढा, सिम्ले, लालुपाते, कदम, कांडा फूल आदि ।
३. रुख प्रजाति (Treeses): उत्तिस, बैस, बकाइनो, चिलाउने, दबदबे, बागियो, खयर, सिसौ, चॉप, चिउरी लांकुरी, पैयौं, फलेदो आदि ।





Here are some collections of studying material {Syllabus, Lecture Note, Important questions collections, Old Questions, Books} on GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT AND TUBEWELL TECHNOLOGY. You can click the link provided below to full accessing of these files. One thing you should remember that these materials are collected from various unauthorized sites. So, do not use for the public and professional purpose, only use for private purpose only.

Syllabus

Books

  1. Groundwater Hydrology by Dr. DK Tood.[PDF]
  2. Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulic Machines by BS Publication.pdf


Lecture notes

  • Lecture Notes on Ground water

Fundamentals of Water Well Design, Construction and Testing by Dan Matlock, Principal Hydrogeologist Pacific Groundwater Group ~ Seattle, WA

Important questions collections [Assignment questions solutions]

Old questions collections

  1. 7_ground_water_2068_Bhadra.jpg [IOE old question paper]
  2. 7_ground_water_2069_Bhadra.jpg [IOE old question paper]
  3. 7_ground_water_2069_chaitra.jpg [IOE old question paper]
  4. 7_ground_water_2070_chaitra.jpg [IOE old question paper]
  5. 7_ground_water_2071_Shrawan.jpg [IOE old question paper]
  6. 7_ground_water_2071_chaitra.jpg [IOE old question paper]
  7. 7_ground_water_2072_chaitra.jpg [IOE old question paper]
  8. 7_ground_water_2073_chaitra.jpg [IOE old question paper]
  9. 7_ground_water_2074_chaitra.jpg [IOE old question paper]

Other material for Numerical and theoretical references

  1. [GATE IES PSU] IES MASTER Hydraulic Machines  Study Material for GATE,PSU,IES,GOVT Exams
  2. Fluid Mechanics  Study Material for GATE,PSU,IES,GOVT Exams


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Here are some collections of studying material {Syllabus, Lecture Note, Important questions collections, Old Questions, Books} on ENGINEERING PROFESSIONAL PRACTICE. You can click the link provided below to full accessing of these files. One thing you should remember that these materials are collected from various unauthorized sites. So, do not use for the public and professional purpose, only use for private purpose only.

Syllabus

Books

  1. Engineering Professional Practice – Nepalese and international Perspectives by Dr. Rajendra Adhikari, 
  2. Text Book of Engineering Professional Practice by Er Santos Kumar Shrestha 

Lecture notes

  • Lecture notes in Engineering professional practice provided by Er. Samir Shakya [pdf]


  • Lecture notes collected from IOEnote's site

  • Lecture notes in Engineering professional practice by Prof. Dr. Hari Krishna Shrestha for PU & TU


Important questions collections

Old questions collections

  1. 2070 Bhadra IOE old question paper
  2. 2071 Bhadra IOE old question paper
  3. 2072 Bhadra IOE old question paper
  4. 2073 Bhadra IOE old question paper
  5. 2074 Bhadra IOE old question paper

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If you have similar types material, then you can help us by providing us in email
Here are some collections of studying material {Syllabus, Lecture Note, Tutorial Solutions, Exam question solutions, Old Questions, Computer programming solutions, Books} on HYDRAULICS. You can click the link provided below to full accessing of these files. One thing you should remember that these materials are collected from various unauthorized sites. So, do not use for the public and professional purpose, only use for private purpose only.


HYDRAULICS is one of the tough basic subjects of Civil Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Diploma in civil engineering, civil overseer and other water related field.

Syllabus

  1. Syllabus of Hydraulics CE 555
  2. Full syllabus of the second-year B.Agri 

Lecture Note

  1. A complete lecture note on Hydraulics (Pipe flow and Open channel flow by Dr. KN Dulal [pdf]

Tutorial Solution

  1. Part I Tutorial solutions: Pipe flow Tutorial1 -by Dr.K.N. Dulal [pdf]
  2. Part II: Open Channel Flow Tutorial solutions -by Dr.K.N. Dulal [pdf]

Exam Questions solutions

  1. Hydraulics_TU_IOE_Question_solution by Dr. K. N. Dulal [pdf]

Old Questions

  1. Old Question 2073 Bhadra - Hydraulics CE555 B.Agri II/II
  2. Old Question 2072 Magh - Hydraulics CE555 B.Agri II/II
  3. Old Question 2072 Ashwin - Hydraulics CE555 B.Agri II/II

Computer Programming solutions

  1. Computer Programming to solve some problems On Hydraulics - Dr. K.N. Dulal

Books

  1. Basic Fluid mechanics and hydraulics machines - by Zoeb Husain, Zulkifly Abdullah
  2. 2500 Solved Problems In Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulics by Jack B. Evett Ph.D. Cheng Liu, M.S
  3. A textbook of Fluid Mechanics and Hydraulics Machine-by Dr. R.K Bansal for IOE B.Agri II/I&II/II, BCE II/I&II/II, BME II/II 's Fluid mechanics and Hydraulics subject.


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Here are some of lecture slides about "Automation and Robotics in Agriculture", these are presented by Dr. Manoj Karkee during SET Farm Sustainable Engineering Tools for Agricultural Robotics and Mechanization SET-FARM 2 – 2017, summer school held in Pulchowk Campus, Nepal dated on 18 to 20 June 2017. These slides are provided by Dr, Karkee for us reader and we publish with his permission. Please do not miss use these files.

The main topics in these slides are:
MODELING, IDENTIFICATION AND ANALYSIS OF A TRACTOR AND TOWED IMPLEMENT SYSTEM
o   Background
o   Open and closed loop analysis
o   System sensitivity analysis
o   Parameter estimation and model validation

Automation and Robotics in Agriculture
o   Center for Precision and Automated Ag Systems (CPAAS)
o   Present condition: Problem, solution
o   Why automation
o   Past success
o   current progress


UASs IN AGRICULTURE OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES
o   CPAAS: CENTER FOR PRECISION AND AUTOMATED AGRICULTURAL SYSTEMS
o   UNMANNED AERIAL SYSTEMS - UAS
o   UAVs (Unmanned Aerial Vehicles)
o   REMOTE SENSING
o   CROP MONITORING
o   HLB (CITRUS GREENING) DISEASE DETECTION
o   UAV FOR BIRD DETERRENCE
o   AUTOMATED BIRD DETECTION
o   AUTONOMOUS SPRAYING IN NAPA VALLEY
o   BATTERY SWAPPING

Automated fresh market tree fruit harvesting
o   Center for Precision and Automated Ag Systems (CPAAS)
o   Why Automated Harvesting?
o   Brief Historical Account
o   Tree Fruit Harvesting Research at WSU
o   Studies on Catching and Handling Surfaces
o   Automation for Bin Handling
o   more
         Apple and Cherry Harvesting
         Apple and Raspberry Pruning
         Intelligent Bin Transport System
         Automated Weed Control In Vegetables
         Water and Nitrogen Stress Sensing
         Solid Set Canopy Delivery System
         UASs for Production Agriculture

Automated Weed Control in Vegetable Crops
o   Methods to control weed
o   Available Technologies: Crop Thinning with Precision Chemical Application, Blueriver Technology Ramsay Highlander, Precision Cultivation Poulsen Engineering Precision Flaming
o   Crop Signaling-based Automated Weed Control in Vegetable Crops
o   Crop Signaling
o   Mechanical Weeding
o   Automatic Intra-row Mechanical Weed Control System
o   Precision Chemical Weeding
o   Robotic Platform and System Integration
o   Machine Vision-based Weed Detection

You can just click the link down to read/download.

About Manoj Karkee
Dr. Manoj Karkee is from Bhojpur, Nepal. Now, he is Associate Professor at Biological Systems Engineering Department, Center for Precision & Automated Agricultural Systems, IAREC – Washington State University, USA. He has completed Bachelor of Computer Engineering in 2002 from Institute of Engineering, Tribhuvan University Nepal and Master’s Degree in Remote Sensing and GIS from Asian Institute of Technology, Bangkok, Thailand. Then, he spent the next five years in Ames, Iowa working on his doctoral research and education, earning his PhD in Agricultural Engineering and Human Computer Interaction from Iowa State University in 2009.
Now, Dr. Karkee is working in Washington State University (WSU) as Associate Professor since 2010 where he leads a strong research program in agricultural automation and mechanization area with a emphasis on machine vision and sensing technologies for agricultural automation and robotics.
.

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