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नेपाल विज्ञान तथा प्रविधि प्रज्ञा प्रतिष्ठान (नास्ट) खुमलटार, ललितपुर, नेपाल समृद्धिका लागि नवप्रवर्तन कार्यक्रम नवप्रवर्तन तथा प्रविधि अनुसन्धान र विकासको प्रस्ताव आह्वान (सूचना प्रकाशित मिति : २०८१।०६।१६) परिचय नेपाल विज्ञान तथा प्रविधि प्रज्ञा-प्रतिष्ठान (नास्ट) को प्रविधि स‌ङ्कायले आ.व. २०८१/८२ का लागि नेपाललाई आवश्यक पर्ने नवीनतम् प्रविधि विकास गर्न वा प्रविधिहरूलाई सुधार गर्नका लागि प्रतिभाशाली नेपाली नागरिकहरूको पहिचान गरी उनीहरूका नवीनता सहितको प्रविधि विकास गर्न सहकार्य गर्ने कार्यक्रम रहेको हुँदा सो प्रयोजनका लागि उत्साही नेपाली नागरिकहरूले यो सूचना प्रकाशित भएको मितिले ३५ दिन (कार्यालय समय) मित्र आफूले गर्न चाहेको परियोजनाको प्रस्ताव सहितको निवेदन यस प्रतिष्ठानको खुमलटार, ललितपुरस्थित केन्द्रीय कार्यालयमा वा technologyfaculty.nast@gmail.com मा कार्यालय समयभित्र दर्ता गराउनुहुन आह्वान गरिन्छ । हस्तलिखित प्रस्तावहरूलाई मान्यता दिइने छैन। उक्त प्रस्ताव बढीमा १५ पृष्ठ सम्मको हुनुपर्नेछ र उक्त प्रस्ताव नास्टको होम पेजमा दिइएको कार्यविधिमा उल्लिखित ढाँचा अनुसार नेपालीहरूको समस्याहरूलाई सम्बोधन गरी समाधान दिने खालको हुनुपर्नेछ। समस्या अध्ययन गरी प्रतिवेदन मात्र पेश गर्ने अनुसन्धानलाई यस कार्यक्रममा समावेश गरिने छैन। साथै प्रस्तावमा उल्लिखित बजेट बढीमा रु. १०,००,०००। (अक्षरुपी रुपयाँ दश लाख मात्र) ले नवढाई गरिएको हुनुपर्नेछ। छनोट भएका प्रस्तावकहरूलाई १ वर्षको कार्य अवधि दिइनेछ । प्रस्तावकहरूले प्रस्तावको साथमा एक प्रति नागरिकताको प्रतिलिपि र बढीमा २ पृष्ठको व्यक्तिगत विवरण (बायोडाटा) पनि संलग्न गर्नुपर्नेछ । प्रस्तावका लागि अनुसन्धानका प्राथमिक क्षेत्रहरू कृषि तथा खाद्य प्रविधि, ऊर्जा तथा यातायात, प्राकृतिक स्रोत साधनको उपयोग, विपद जोखिम न्यूनीकरणको क्षेत्रसँग सम्बन्धित समस्याहरूको समाधानका लागि आवश्यक पर्ने प्रविधिहरूको विकास गर्नु हो। अतः अनुसन्धानको उद्देश्य माथि उल्लिखित क्षेत्रहरूमा नयाँ प्रविधि विकास गर्ने वा विद्यमान प्रविधिहरूको सुधार गर्ने हुनुपर्नेछ । साथै यी प्रविधिहरू नेपालका विभिन्न ठाउँका जनतासमक्ष बढीभन्दा बढी उपयोगमा आउनुपर्ने र रोजगारी सिर्जना गर्ने खालका हुनुपर्नेछ। यस प्रज्ञा प्रतिष्ठानको तत्सम्बन्धी निर्देशिका अनुसार लघु सूचीमा समाविष्ट निवेदकहरूलाई मात्र सम्पर्क गरिनेछ । आवेदन फाराम र प्रस्ताव सम्बन्धी विस्तृत जानकारीका लागि यस प्रतिष्ठानको वेबसाइट https://nast.gov.np हेर्न अनुरोध गरिन्छ ।

The Nepal Academy of Science and Technology (NAST) is inviting innovative proposals aimed at developing or improving essential technologies for Nepal in the fiscal year 2081/82 (2024/25). This initiative is part of the "Innovation Program for Prosperity," aimed at addressing existing problems through technology in various fields.

About the Call for Proposals

On September 1, 2024 (16th of Ashwin, 2081), NAST’s Technology Faculty issued a call for proposals from talented Nepali citizens to collaborate on the development of cutting-edge technologies. Interested individuals have 35 days from the date of publication to submit their project proposals to NAST's central office in Khumaltar, Lalitpur, or via email at technologyfaculty.nast@gmail.com.

Key Areas of Focus

Proposals should address challenges within the following primary sectors:

1. Agricultural and Food Technology

  • Affordable and Efficient Trenching Machines: Development of low-cost and easy-to-use machines for trenching in hilly and narrow terrain where tractors face difficulties.
  • Rodent Control Technology: Design of machines that can effectively eliminate large numbers of rodents without using pesticides, protecting crops from damage.
  • Low-Cost Cooling Centers: Creation of affordable cooling technology to preserve perishable vegetable produce for several days.
  • Aeration and Cooling Systems for Fish Ponds: Development of cost-effective aeration and water cooling systems for use in fish ponds during hot weather.

2. Environment and Climate Change

  • Energy-Efficient Cooling Machines: Innovation of low-cost and low-energy-consuming cooling or air conditioning systems for residents in hot climates.

3. Utilization of Natural Resources

  • Automated Irrigation Systems: Development of automated irrigation systems using sensors and data analytics to optimize water usage in agriculture.
  • Real-Time Water Quality Monitoring: Creation of low-cost sensors for monitoring the quality of water in rivers and lakes to manage pollution and protect the environment.

4. Disaster Management

  • Forest Fire Prediction System: Development of systems that utilize wireless sensors and machine learning for predicting and detecting forest fires.
  • Technology for Locating Submerged Vehicles: Creation of technology to locate vehicles submerged in muddy river water.

Proposal Guidelines

  • The proposal should be no longer than 15 pages and must directly address solutions for the identified problems. Research reports without actionable solutions will not be considered.
  • The budget for each proposal should not exceed NPR 1,000,000 (one million Nepali Rupees).
  • Applicants must attach a copy of their citizenship and a maximum 2-page resume to their proposal.
  • Proposals should aim to develop new technologies or improve existing ones in the specified areas, with the potential to create employment and be widely utilized across various regions of Nepal.

Submission Details

Interested individuals should submit their proposals in the format specified on NAST's homepage. Handwritten proposals will not be accepted.

For further information regarding application forms and proposal details, please visit the NAST website: NAST Official Website.

Innovation, Technology Research, and Development Program: NAST Call for Proposals


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DAAD Scholarship 2025-26: Fully Funded Study in Germany

 Are you interested in studying in Germany with a fully funded scholarship? The DAAD Scholarship for the 2025-26 academic year offers a remarkable chance for international students to pursue their master’s or Ph.D. degrees at esteemed German universities. This post outlines the benefits of the scholarship and provides a comprehensive guide on how to apply.

What is the DAAD Scholarship?

The DAAD Scholarship is a fully funded program designed for students from both developing and industrialized nations wishing to study in Germany. It provides financial support for pursuing advanced degrees in various academic fields at renowned institutions across the country.

The scholarship aims to support students who are committed to contributing to the sustainable development of their home countries, with the expectation that graduates will return and enhance their nation’s economic, social, and educational landscape.

Scholarship Overview

  • Level of Study: Master’s / Doctoral (Ph.D.)
  • Host Country: Germany
  • Institutions: Various state and state-recognized universities
  • Fields of Study: Includes but is not limited to:
    • Economics, Law, Agriculture, Forest Sciences
    • Art and Design, Engineering, Humanities, Social Sciences
    • Mathematics, Natural Sciences, Medicine, and Health Sciences
  • Duration: 12-36 months, depending on the chosen program
  • Coverage: Fully funded

Benefits of the DAAD Scholarship

Recipients of the DAAD Scholarship enjoy numerous advantages, allowing them to concentrate on their studies without financial worries. Benefits include:

  • Monthly Stipend:
    • €934 for master’s students
    • €1,300 for Ph.D. candidates
  • Travel Allowance: Covers travel expenses unless funded by another source.
  • Insurance Coverage: Accident, health, and personal liability insurance.
  • Study Allowance: A one-time grant for study materials.
  • Additional Benefits (under certain conditions):
    • Rent subsidies
    • Family allowances for dependents

Eligibility Criteria

To be eligible for the DAAD Scholarship for the 2025-26 academic year, applicants must meet specific requirements:

  • Language Proficiency:
    • English proficiency for international programs (TOEFL or IELTS).
    • German language proficiency for German-taught programs (DSH or TestDaF).
  • Eligible Countries: Open to students from developing and newly industrialized nations.
  • Educational Background: Applicants must possess a Bachelor’s or Master’s degree in a relevant field and have at least two years of professional experience.
  • Commitment to Development: Candidates should demonstrate a dedication to contributing to their country’s development post-study.

Required Documents

Applicants must submit the following documents to apply successfully:

  1. Signed DAAD Application Form
  2. CV (using the Europass format)
  3. Motivation Letter (maximum of 2 pages)
  4. Letters of Recommendation (from current employer)
  5. Proof of Employment (validating professional experience)
  6. Language Certificates (TOEFL/IELTS or DSH/TestDaF)
  7. Academic Degrees (certified copies of certificates and transcripts)

Note: Candidates from China must also provide an APS certificate.

Step-by-Step Application Process

  1. Research and Select Programs: Choose up to three courses that align with your academic goals and check deadlines.
  2. Prepare Application Materials: Complete the DAAD application form and gather all required documents.
  3. Submit Your Application: Send your application to the respective universities.
  4. Upload Documents to DAAD Portal: Once recommended, you will receive access to upload your documents.
  5. Final Selection and Notification: DAAD’s selection committee will review applications and notify successful candidates.

Tips for a Successful Application

  • Highlight Development Motivation: Clearly articulate how your studies in Germany will impact your home country.
  • Complete Your Application: Ensure all documents are included to avoid disqualification.
  • Start Early: Begin your application process in advance to meet all deadlines.

For more information, visit the official DAAD scholarship website: DAAD Scholarship Database.

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 A free online course on Entrepreneurship Development is available through the BHU MOOCs portal. This 5-week course starts on October 15, 2024, and is designed to cultivate entrepreneurial thinking and skills for a wide range of learners.

Course Overview

This course aims to help participants develop an entrepreneurial mindset and recognize opportunities for success in various sectors. Upon completion, participants will receive a certificate based on their involvement and performance. Registration is open from October 1 to October 20, 2024.

Who Should Attend?

This course is tailored for:

  • UG, PG & PhD scholars in Agriculture and other fields from BHU and other universities.
  • Research scholars from various disciplines interested in entrepreneurship.
  • Development workers from government organizations, NGOs, or the private sector.
  • Course instructors looking to promote entrepreneurship among their students.

Key Topics Covered

  • Overview of Indian agriculture
  • FPC (Farmer Producer Company) as an entrepreneurial opportunity
  • SWOT analysis for entrepreneurs
  • Social entrepreneurship
  • Business communication and case studies of successful entrepreneurs
  • Venture capital, financing strategies, and government schemes
  • Corporate social responsibility

Skills You Will Gain

By the end of the course, you will:

  • Understand the basics of entrepreneurial development.
  • Gain the ability to organize potential entrepreneurs and promote local resources.
  • Improve your communication skills for entrepreneurial success.
  • Learn to foster an entrepreneurial ecosystem in your field of interest.

Certification

Upon successful completion, participants will receive a Participation or Competence Certificate from Banaras Hindu University (BHU) and the Centre for Multidisciplinary Research (CMDR), Dharwad.

How to Enroll

To register for the course, visit the BHU MOOCs Portal and complete your registration between October 1 to October 20, 2024.

👉 Register Now: Entrepreneurship Development

Course Details at a Glance:

  • Course Name: Entrepreneurship Development
  • Start Date: October 15, 2024
  • Duration: 5 weeks
  • Registration: October 1 to October 20, 2024
  • Fees: Free of charge

Don’t miss this chance to elevate your entrepreneurial skills and make a meaningful impact in your field.

Entrepreneurship Development" Free MOOCs Course Available It is a 5-week course starting on October 15, 2024. Successful participants will receive a certificate. Register between October 1 and October 20, 2024. Register for the course at the BHU MOOCs Portal. Course URL: https://www.bhumoocs.in


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Farmer irrigating crops in a field - Introduction to Water Management online course (Study hours: 6, Self-study)

We are excited to share a valuable resource for agricultural engineers, students, and anyone involved in agro-services! CABI Academy is offering a free online course titled Introduction to Water Management. Whether you're an experienced professional or a student eager to enhance your knowledge of water management in agriculture, this course is an excellent opportunity.

Course Overview

This self-paced, self-study course has been developed by water management experts at CABI. It takes approximately 5-6 hours to complete and covers key concepts in water management for both rainfed and irrigated agriculture.

You can navigate through the course using a simple menu, and upon completion, you will have the option to take assessments for a Foundation or Practitioner certification, which you can retake as many times as you like.

What You Will Learn

By the end of this course, you will be able to:

  • Recognize the limitations of water resources and optimize their use in agricultural settings.
  • Understand how water moves through soil and plants.
  • Determine the water requirements for crops.
  • Implement changes to soil and plot structures to improve water retention.
  • Diagnose plant issues related to water management.
  • Innovate on water management practices based on course principles.

Who Is It For?

This course is designed for agricultural engineers, extension workers, agro-input dealers, and other professionals advising farmers. Farmers and agricultural students will also find it useful for enhancing their understanding of water management in farming.

Key Skills You Will Gain

  • Digital learning: Learn at your own pace and engage in discussions with others globally.
  • Advising farmers: Develop the skills to guide farmers in choosing the right water management practices.
  • Critical thinking: Use real-world scenarios to apply the knowledge you gain and evaluate different water management techniques.

Course Structure

The course consists of the following sections:

  1. Introduction to water management: Basic concepts like the water cycle, irrigation, soil drainage, and sustainable water practices.
  2. Water productivity and management: How to improve water productivity, especially in rainfed agriculture.
  3. Soil and water: The role of soil in water management, infiltration, and soil water content.
  4. Plants and water: How water impacts plant growth and crop water requirements.
  5. Rainwater productivity: Strategies to improve water use efficiency on rainfed farms.
  6. Irrigation: Choosing irrigation methods, scheduling, and managing irrigation systems.
  7. Certifications: Option to gain Foundation and Practitioner certificates.

Certification

The course offers two types of certifications:

  • Foundation certification: Tests your recall of course information.
  • Practitioner certification: Tests your ability to apply the concepts to real-world scenarios.

The pass mark for the assessments is 80%, and once you complete the course and a final questionnaire, you'll receive a CABI Academy certificate.

Ready to Enroll?

If this course sounds like the perfect fit for you or your colleagues, click the link below to get started!

👉 Enroll Now: Introduction to Water Management

Don’t miss this chance to expand your skills in water management—an essential element in today’s agricultural practices.

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Are you pursuing a Master’s degree in Agricultural Engineering and looking for financial support to conduct impactful research? Here’s a great opportunity for you!

Caritas Nepal, through the Nepal Livelihood and Resilience Program-Phase II (NLRP II), is offering thesis research grants to support innovative work in sustainable agriculture and climate resilience. This program, funded by Caritas Australia and Australian Aid, aims to enhance the well-being and resilience of vulnerable farming communities in Nepal, and they are inviting master’s students to contribute through their research.

Why Agricultural Engineers Should Apply:

The field of Agricultural Engineering closely aligns with several of the program's priority research areas, particularly:

  1. Testing Climate-Smart Technologies on Farmers' Fields – Work with cutting-edge technologies that enhance productivity and reduce the impact of climate change on farming communities.

  2. Women’s Labor Burden in Agriculture – Design and test technologies that reduce the physical demands placed on women in agriculture, ensuring that farming becomes more equitable and efficient.

  3. Small-Scale Mechanization in Agriculture – Develop innovative small-scale machines and tools that can be easily adopted by local farmers to improve efficiency and productivity.

If these topics resonate with your academic interests and expertise, this grant provides a fantastic platform to bring your ideas to life while contributing to real-world solutions for Nepal’s agricultural sector.

Grant Details:

  • Amount: NRs 150,000 (including tax)
  • Deadline for Submission: October 15, 2024
  • Thesis Draft Deadline: June 2025

The grant can be used for research-related expenses such as travel, fieldwork, advisor visits, and thesis printing.

How to Apply:

Submit your application via email or courier to the addresses provided below. Be sure to label your email or mail subject as "Thesis Grant Application/NLRP II".

Email Submission:

  • Send your application to vacancy@caritas.org.np
  • Subject: "NLRP II Masters' Thesis Grant Support"

Courier Submission:

  • Program Coordinator, NLRP II
  • Caritas Nepal Central Office, Dhobighat, Lalitpur, Nepal
  • Phone: 01-5438172, 01-5439344

Deadline to Apply: October 15, 2024

This is a valuable opportunity for Agricultural Engineering students to conduct meaningful research while directly contributing to the resilience of Nepal's agricultural communities. Don’t miss out!

Full notice

Original notice of Call for Master's Thesis Grant Support Under Nepal Livelihood and Resilience Program - Phase II (NLRP II)
Call for Master's Thesis Grant Support Under Nepal Livelihood and Resilience Program - Phase II (NLRP II)
Call for Master's Thesis Grant Support Under Nepal Livelihood and Resilience Program - Phase II (NLRP II)

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Agricultural Engineering has been a part of Tribhuvan University’s academic offerings since its introduction in 2002 AD (2057 BS) at Purwanchal Campus, Institute of Engineering, Dharan. Since then, the curriculum has undergone several updates, including a major revision in 2012 AD (2068 BS). Now, in 2024 AD (2081 BS), the course structure has been updated again to align with the evolving demands of the agricultural sector.

Why the Curriculum Needed Revision:

  • Wave of Agricultural Mechanization: The field is witnessing a rapid adoption of mechanized farming practices.
  • Internship Program for Skill Development: There has been a growing demand for hands-on, practical experience in the industry.
  • Emerging Technologies: The global agricultural landscape is evolving with new technologies like precision agriculture and sustainability-focused engineering solutions.

If you want to view the previous syllabus from 2012 AD, visit this link.

Major Revisions:

  • Added a 12-week Internship Program to enhance practical skills.
  • New Subject: "Precision Agriculture" introduced to focus on the application of technology for optimizing farm productivity.
  • New Subject: "Agricultural Engineering for Sustainable Development" to address the role of engineering in promoting sustainable agricultural practices.
  • Merged Courses:
    • "Basic Electrical" and "Basic Electronics"
    • "Engineering Professional Practice" and "Project Management"
  • Removed Courses:
    • "Electric Systems and Machines"
    • "Climate Change and Adaptation Measures"
    • "Field and Industrial Training"
  • Increased Internal Assessment Marks: The weight of internal assessments has been raised to 40% from 20% of theory marks.
  • Elimination of Final Practical Exams: Almost all subjects have removed final practical exams, emphasizing continuous assessment.

Minor Revisions:

  • Shuffling of course schedules and content adjustments.
  • Changes in subject codes.

Teaching Schedule & Examination Scheme:

Each course is assigned credit hours for lectures (L), tutorials (T), and practicals (P). Here's a snapshot of the courses in the revised curriculum:

L=lecture, T=Tutorial, P= Practical 

Year I, Part I

SN. Subject code, Subject Name;Course Credit (L:, T:, P:)
  1. SH 101, Engineering Mathematics I; 3 (L: 3, T: 2)
  2. SH 103, Engineering Chemistry; 3 (L: 3, T: 2, P: 3)
  3. CT 101, Computer Programming; 3 (L: 3, T: 1, P: 3)
  4. ME 106, Engineering Workshop; 2 (L: 1, T: 1, P: 3)
  5. ME 101, Engineering Drawing; 4 (L: 2, T: 2, P: 4)
  6. CE 101, Engineering Mechanics; 4 (L: 4, T: 2)
  7. AE 101, Agricultural Engineering for Sustainable Development; 2 (L: 2, T: 1)

Year I, Part II

  1. SH 151, Engineering Mathematics II; 3 (L: 3, T: 2)
  2. SH 152, Engineering Physics; 4 (L: 4, T: 2, P: 1)
  3. EE 153, Basic Electrical and Electronics Engineering; 3 (L: 3, T: 1, P: 1)
  4. ME 151, Engineering Thermodynamics I; 3 (L: 3, T: 1, P: 1)
  5. CE 155, Fluid Mechanics; 4 (L: 4, T: 2, P: 1)
  6. AE 151, Engineering Materials; 2 (L: 2)
  7. AE 152, Soil Science; 3 (L: 3, T: 1, P: 2)
Year II, Part I
  1. SH 201, Engineering Mathematics III; 3 (L: 3, T: 2)
  2. CE 206, Hydraulics; 4 (L: 4, T: 2, P: 1)
  3. CE 207, Engineering Survey; 3 (L: 3, T: 1, P: 4)
  4. ME 207, HVAC and Cold Storage; 3 (L: 3, T: 1, P: 1)
  5. AE 201, Crop Production Technology; 2 (L: 2, T: 1, P: 1.5)
  6. AE 202, Farm Power and Engine System; 3 (L: 3, T: 1, P: 2)
  7. AE 203, Engineering Properties of Biomaterials; 2 (L: 2, T: 1.5)

Year II, Part II

  1. SH 251, Communication English; 3 (L: 3, T: 1, P: 4)
  2. SH 252, Probability and Statistics; 3 (L: 3, T: 1, P: 4)
  3. SH 253, Numerical Methods; 3 (L: 3, T: 1, P: 3)
  4. CE 257, Strength of Materials and Theory of Structures; 3 (L: 3, T: 2, P: 1)
  5. CE 258, Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering; 3 (L: 3, T: 1, P: 2)
  6. CE 259, Survey Camp; 2
  7. AE 251, Renewable Energy and Conversion Devices; 3 (L: 3, T: 1, P: 2)
  8. AE 252, Tractor Systems and Control; 3 (L: 3, T: 1, P: 2)

Year III, Part I

  1. ME 307, Theory and Design of Machine Elements; 3 (L: 3, T: 1, P: 1)
  2. AE 301, Hydrology and Agricultural Meteorology; 3 (L: 3, T: 1, P: 2)
  3. AE 302, Farm Machinery and Equipment; 3 (L: 3, T: 1, P: 2)
  4. AE 303, Agri-Economics and Entrepreneurship; 2 (L: 2, T: 1, P: 1)
  5. AE 304, Irrigation and Drainage Engineering; 3 (L: 3, T: 1, P: 2)
  6. AE 305, Postharvest Engineering; 3 (L: 3, T: 1, P: 2)
  7. AE 306, Field Operation and Maintenance of Farm Machines; 1 (L: 1, P: 3)

Year III, Part II

  1. CE 357, Design of Structures; 3 (L: 3, T: 2, P: 1.5)
  2. AE 351, Soil and Water Conservation Engineering; 3 (L: 3, T: 1, P: 2)
  3. AE 352, Groundwater Development and Tube Well Technology; 3 (L: 3, T: 1, P: 1.5)
  4. AE 353, Dairy and Food Engineering; 3 (L: 3, T: 1, P: 2)
  5. AE 354, Farm Structures and Building Technology; 3 (L: 3, T: 1, P: 1.5)
  6. AE 355, Precision Agriculture; 2 (L: 2, T: 1, P: 1)
  7. AE 365, Elective I; 3 (L: 3, T: 2, P: 1)

Year IV, Part I

  1. AE 411, Project Engineering and Professional Practice; 3 (L: 3, T: 2)
  2. AE 412, Rural Infrastructure Engineering; 3 (L: 3, T: 2)
  3. AE 413, Estimating and Costing; 2 (L: 2, T: 2)
  4. AE 414, Agricultural Extension and Rural Development; 3 (L: 3, T: 1, P: 1)
  5. AE 425, Elective II; 3 (L: 3, T: 2, P: 1)
  6. AE 435, Elective III; 3 (L: 3, T: 2, P: 1)
  7. AE 415, Project I; 2

Year IV, Part II

  1. AE 461, Project II; 2
  2. AE 462, Internship; 4
The revised curriculum is designed to equip students with both theoretical knowledge and practical skills, making them ready for the evolving challenges in agricultural engineering. From an emphasis on sustainability to the integration of new technologies, this updated syllabus is expected to provide a holistic education experience for future engineers.
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Elements of Soil Science - Past Questions - 2061 Baishakh
Elements of Soil Science - Past Questions - 2061 Baishakh

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
Examination Control Division
2061 Baishakh

Exam: Regular/Back
Level: B.E.
Programme: B. Agri.
Year / Part: II / I
Subject: Elements of Soil Science
Full Marks: 80
Pass Marks: 32
Time: 3 hrs.

Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. Attempt any five questions. The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks. Assume suitable data if necessary.

  1. a) Describe the physical properties of colloids. How do soil colloids influence the availability of nutrients for plant use? [8]
    b) What is meant by cation and anion exchange capacity? Describe the significance of cation exchange capacity in agricultural soils. [8]

  2. a) Describe the causes and consequences of alkalinity and salinity of soils. What are the options to correct soil salinity? [8]
    b) Explain the role of primary soil nutrients in crop production. Describe the deficiency symptoms of nitrogen in plants. [8]

  3. a) What is soil aggregation? Explain the stages and processes of the formation of water-stable soil aggregates. [8]
    b) Why is soil texture considered a fundamental soil property? Explain the purpose of determining soil texture. [8]

  4. a) Explain the pattern of extraction of soil moisture by the root system of crop plants. Describe the working principle of a soil moisture meter. [8]
    b) What are the causes of poor soil aeration? Explain the ways and means of managing aeration in soils. [8]

  5. a) What is the difference between regolith and soil? Explain the process of soil formation. [8]
    b) Explain the procedure for determining soil texture by the hydrometer method. [8]

  6. Write short notes on any four: [4 × 4]
    a) Nitrification and Denitrification
    b) Green Manuring
    c) Secondary Plant Nutrients
    d) Soil Profile
    e) Infiltration Rate

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0

 

Elements of Soil Science - Past Questions - 2069 Chaitra
Elements of Soil Science - Past Questions - 2069 Chaitra

RIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
Examination Control Division
2069 Chaitra

Exam: Regular
Level: BE
Programme: B. Agri.
Year / Part: II / I
Subject: Elements of Soil Science (AE502)
Full Marks: 80
Pass Marks: 32
Time: 3 hrs.

✓ Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. Attempt all questions.
✓ The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks.
✓ Assume suitable data if necessary.

  1. What are the differences between land and soil? Describe the pedological concept of soil science. [2 + 2]

  2. What are the soil-forming minerals? Give examples. [4]

  3. Discuss in brief the factors of soil formation. [8]

  4. What do you mean by weathering of rocks? Describe in brief the types of weathering. [2 + 6]

  5. What are the differences between soil texture and soil structure? List out the significance of soil texture from an agricultural point of view. [3 + 5]

  6. A soil sample of 100 cc weighs 165 gm. After oven drying, the weight of the sample was found to be 150 gm and the volume was measured to be 60% of the initial volume. Calculate the bulk density, particle density, and porosity of the soil. [6]

  7. Explain the significance of soil temperature in agriculture. [4]

  8. What is the difference between infiltration and percolation? Define field capacity and wilting point. [3 + 3]

  9. Write a short note on the soil moisture characteristic curve. [4]

  10. What do you mean by acidic soils, saline soils, and alkaline soils? [6]

  11. Write down the main functions of each of the macro plant nutrients (N, P, K). [4]

  12. Write down the deficiency symptoms of macro plant nutrients. [6]

  13. Give two examples of inorganic fertilizers with their composition and uses. [4]

  14. Write a short note on FYM (Farm Yard Manure) and compost. [4]

  15. Why are green manures more preferred than inorganic fertilizers? [4]

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0

 

Elements of Soil Science - Past Questions - 2066 Bhadra
Elements of Soil Science - Past Questions - 2066 Bhadra

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
Examination Control Division
2066 Bhadra

Exam: Regular/Back
Level: BE
Programme: B. Agri.
Year / Part: II / I
Subject: Elements of Soil Science
Full Marks: 80
Pass Marks: 32
Time: 3 hrs.

Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable. Attempt any five questions. All questions carry equal marks. Assume suitable data if necessary.

  1. a) Define soil in relation to agricultural production. Explain the factors affecting soil formation.
    b) Write an essay on the weathering of rocks and minerals.

  2. a) What is a soil profile? Describe soil master horizons.
    b) Define bulk density, particle density, and porosity. Classify soil according to texture.

  3. a) Enlist different methods of soil water measurement. Write an essay on the principle of the field tensiometer.
    b) Define infiltration and infiltration rate. Describe the factors affecting soil infiltrability.

  4. a) What do you mean by cation and anion exchange? Describe in detail the cation exchange capacity.
    b) Describe macro and micro nutrients. Explain the role and deficiency symptoms of phosphorus in plants.

  5. a) Describe the methods of soil fertility evaluation. Discuss in detail the process of soil test method up to fertilizer recommendation.
    b) What are soil colloids? Discuss their properties.

  6. Write short notes on (any four):
    a) Green manuring
    b) Soil temperature
    c) Soil moisture characteristics curve
    d) Process of soil survey and mapping
    e) Soil reaction

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0

 

Elements of Soil Science - Past Questions - 2070 Chaitra
Elements of Soil Science - Past Questions - 2070 Chaitra

TRIBHUVAN UNIVERSITY
INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
Examination Control Division
2070 Chaitra

Exam: Regular
Level: B.E.
Programme: B. Agri.
Year / Part: II / I
Subject: Elements of Soil Science (AE502)
Full Marks: 80
Pass Marks: 32
Time: 3 hrs.

✓ Candidates are required to give their answers in their own words as far as practicable.
✓ Attempt All questions.
✓ The figures in the margin indicate Full Marks.
✓ Assume suitable data if necessary.

  1. How does soil differ from land? Describe the Edaphological concept of soil science.
    [2 + 2]

  2. What are the types of minerals found in soil? Explain briefly the weathering processes of rocks and minerals.
    [2 + 4]

  3. What do you mean by soil morphology? Describe the soil formation factors.
    [2 + 6]

  4. Why is the classification of soil necessary? Write briefly the features of soil temperature regimes.
    [2 + 4]

  5. What are the soil attributes and environmental conditions of brown to black color in soil? Which texture of soil do farmers prefer and why?
    [2 + 4 + 3]

  6. Describe the feel method of determining soil texture. Explain briefly the types of soil structure.
    [7]

  7. Why is it necessary to determine the bulk density of soil for an agriculturist? A soil sample was taken with the help of a core cutter with an internal diameter of 10 cm and a height of 13 cm. The initial weight of soil was 1.5 kg and the oven-dry weight was found to be 1.3 kg. Determine the bulk density of the soil.
    [2.5 + 1.5]

  8. Write down the significance of soil temperature in relation to agriculture. What are the effects of poor soil aeration?
    [2 + 4]

  9. How will you control excess temperature in soil? Write down the reasons for poor aeration.
    [2 + 2]

  10. Define soil moisture, infiltration, and percolation. Write down the importance of the soil moisture curve in agricultural engineering.
    [2 + 4]

  11. What are macronutrients? What are the roles of nitrogen in plants? Write down the symptoms of nitrogen deficiency.
    [2 + 2]

  12. Define soil pH. How can you determine soil pH in the laboratory? What type of treatment can be applied to acidic soil?
    [1 + 3]

  13. What do you mean by soil organic matter? Why is it necessary for plants? How do you determine soil organic matter in the laboratory?
    [1 + 2 + 3]

  14. What do you mean by complete and incomplete fertilizer? Explain with examples. What are the advantages and disadvantages of inorganic fertilizers?
    [2 + 2]

  15. What is a soil colloid? What are the roles of soil colloids? What are the sources of charges on soil colloids?
    [1 + 2]

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